Diabetes can cause damage to blood vessels as the high blood glucose levels lead to a hardening of the arterial walls. This is called macrovascular disease. It can lead to heart attacks, stroke and poor circulation in the hands and feet. The immune system can also be affected by diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an
Hyperkeratosis is a thickening of the skin. It can be caused by increased blood flow to an area resulting from persistent friction. This then simulates the germinal cells of the stratum basale meaning the frequency at which they multiply is increased. Friction resistant keratin cell production is increased. Desquamation is reduced so skin thickening increasing
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Fungal nails Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails. It is caused by dermatophytes (a fungal microorganism) that invade the nail bed. It causes nails to thicken, become disfigured and discoloured. Nails become brittle and parts may break off meaning that the nail may become so thick it presses into the nail bed causing
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Heloma durum (hard corns) are the most common types of corn. They are formed when the skin has tried to protect itself against friction or pressure and usually develop on the tops of the toes and along the sides of the feet. Hard corns appear as small, pale or yellow areas of raised, hardened skin
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